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Measurement Standards


Somewhat relevant information is in red.
Metric information is in green.

Use Edit/Find or Ctrl-F to search this page for a value.
(Be sure to start each search at the TOP of the page!)
Use the topic links below to jump to a section on this page.




    Metric Multipliers:
    The Metric system is based on powers of ten.
    Prefix
    Yotta
    Zetta
    Exa
    Peta
    Tera
    Giga
    Mega
    Kilo
    Hecto
    Deka
    ---
    deci
    centi
    milli
    micro
    nano
    pico
    femto
    atto
    zepo
    yocto
    Symbol
    Y
    Z
    E
    P
    T
    G
    M
    k
    h
    dk
    ---
    d
    c
    m
    u
    n
    p
    f
    a
    z
    y
    Value
    Septillion
    Sextillion
    Quintillion
    Quadrillion
    Trillion
    Billion
    Million
    Thousand
    Hundred
    Tens
    Ones
    Tenth
    Hundredth
    Thousandth
    Millionth
    Billionth
    Trillionth
    Quadrillionth
    Quintillionth
    Sextillionth
    Septillionth
    Power of 10
    10 ^ 24
    10 ^ 21
    10 ^ 18
    10 ^ 15
    10 ^ 12
    10 ^ 9
    10 ^ 6
    10 ^ 3
    10 ^ 2
    10 ^ 1
    ---
    10 ^ -1
    10 ^ -2
    10 ^ -3
    10 ^ -6
    10 ^ -9
    10 ^ -12
    10 ^ -15
    10 ^ -18
    10 ^ -21
    10 ^ -24


    Example: If you had a device holding a BILLION Bytes, the proper prefix
    would be 'giga-' (GigaByte), abbreviated as 'GB', indicating a value of
    10 X 10^9 (1,000,000,000).

    Although... that's not correct for 'bytes'. Memory is always expressed in
    'Powers of 2' -- a Kilobyte is not really 1,000 bytes but 1024 bytes. Really.
    (1024 is 2 ^ 10th power)
    So, a Megabyte is 1024 X 1024 or 1,048,576 bytes (2 ^ 20).
    And, a Gigabyte is 1024 X 1024 X 1024 or 1,073,741,824 bytes (2 ^ 30),
    NOT an even 1,000,000,000 bytes!

    Not sure? Just look at the 'Properties' of your hard drive.

    Measurement System Terms:
    There are 4 systems for measurements, each with its own terms.
    Metric System - MKS units.
    MKS =
    Meter, Kilogram, Second
    Metric System - CGS units.
    CGS =
    Centimeter, Gram, Second
    English System - FPS units.
    FPS =
    Foot, Pound, Second
    International System of Units - SI units.
    SI =
    Meter, Kilogram, Second, Ampere, Kelvin, Mole, and Candela

    The seven SI base units are length, mass, time, electric current, temperature, amount of substance (mole), and luminous intensity. The mole is a dimensionless chemical unit that cannot be measured directly; the others are directly measurable.

    The Standards of the Various Systems Compared:

    Length (l)
    Area (A)
    Volume (v)
    Capacity (v)
    Mass (m)
    Force (Weight) (F)
    Time (t)
    MKS
    meter (m)
    square meter (m^2)
    cubic meter (m^3)
    liter (l)
    kilogram (kg)
    newton (nt)
    second (sec)
    CGS
    centimeter (cm)
    square centimeter (cm^2)
    cubic centimeter (cm^3)
    milliliter (ml)
    gram (g)
    dyne
    second (sec)
    FPS
    foot (ft)
    square foot (ft^2)
    cubic foot (ft^3)
    quart (qt)
    slug
    pound
    second (sec)
    A slug is a mass requiring 32 lbs. to lift


    Force Terms:
    Force (Acceleration or the Tendency to Produce Motion)
    MKS units
    1 newton =
    1 kilogram moved 1 m./sec./sec.
    CGS units
    1 dyne =
    1 gram moved 1 cm./sec./sec.
    FPS units
    1 pound =
    the gravational weight of the standard pound (@ sea level and 45 degrees latitude)
    Notice the Metric systems use a mass to describe force and the English system uses a unit of weight!! (See Standards Compared)

    Work Terms:
    Work = Force X Distance
    MKS units
    1 joule (or newton/meter) =
    =
    =
    =
    =
    a force of 1 newton moving 1 meter
    1 watt-second
    10 million ergs
    0.7376 ft./lbs.
    9.48 X 10^-4 BTU
    CGS units
    1 erg (or 10^-7 joule) =
    a force of 1 dyne moving 1 cm.
    FPS units
    1 foot/pound =
    a force of 1 pound moving 1 ft.


    Power Terms:
    Power = Force X Distance / Time
    MKS units
    1 watt =
    1 joule per second
    CGS units
    (no name!) =
    1 erg per second
    FPS units
    (no name!) =
    1 horsepower (hp.) =
    1 foot/pound per second
    746 Watts


    Light Terminology

    Radiometry: optical measurements of light, regardless of wavelength or color.
    Photometry: visible light measurements, using the spectral response of the human eye.

    Definition Radiometric Photometric
    Name Unit (SI) Name Unit (SI)
    Energy Radiant Energy joule Luminous Energy lumen / sec
    Energy per unit time = power = flux Radiant Flux watt Luminous Flux lumen
    Power input per unit area Irradiance watt / sq. m. Illuminance lumen / sq m. or lux
    Power per unit area Radiance watt / sq. m. Luminous Intensity sq. lumen
    Power per unit solid angle Radiant Intensity watt / sq. m. Luminous Intensity candela
    Power per unit solid angle per unit projected Radiance watt / sq. m. or steradian Luminance candela / sq. m.





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    Copyright © 2003- Tom Scogin    Norcross, GA.    All rights reserved.